Salai B Chan Khar
(Law & Criminal Justice Student, Swinburne University of Technology)
VICTORIA POLICE NIH ZEI TIK AH DAH AN IN TLAIH KHAWH?
Biaceihtu (judge) sermi phungbia (common law) ah Victoria Police nih tlaihnak nawl an in ngei lo. Asinain Victorian Parliament sermi phungbia Crime Act 1958 tang ah Victoria Police nih tlaihnak warrant lo in, tlaih khawhnak lam pahnih an ngei.
Lam Khatnak – Crime Act 1958 (Vic) s 459(1)
Level 1 – Level 6 a simi sualpi a tuah rua tiah Victoria Police nih reprai in an zumh tikah, tlaih khawh colh a si. Victoria ramkulh, asiloah, ramdang ah cu bantuk sualpi ngan cu, a tuah rua tiin an zumh ahcun, tlaih khawh colh a si. Police puhmi sualpi cu, sualpuhmi nih a tuah lo tiah biakhiaktu Jury nih an ti zong ah, Police cung ah mawhphorh khawh a si hlei lo.
Lam Hnihnak – Crime Act 1958 (Vic) s 458(1)
Sualte le sualpi a huap. Sualte (zapi lak zurit tbk.) tuah liomi paoh tlaihnak nawl an ngei. Victorian Summary Offence Act 1966 (sualte phungbia) le Crime Act 1958 (sualpi phungbia) ah aa ṭialmi sual phun poah a huap. Cu bantuk sual a tuah liomi minung cu, Victoria Police chim lo, pumpak minung hmanh nih tlaihnak nawl kan ngei. Cuti tlaihnak nih aa tinh bikmi cu, sual tuah lio minung kha biaceihtu hmai ah chuahpi awk, asiloah, a sual tuah liomi khamnak caah a si.
Zatlang hmun i cilcak ruang ah tlaih, asiloah, tangka dantat khawh a si. Midang takpum ah cil chak lebang cu, sualfak ah an ruah: (1) fih a nung; (2) zawtnak i chawnh khawh a si tiin an ruah. Zunzun lebang cu, a si te a si bak ti lo (i ceh sual cu, a kong ka thei lo).
Victoria Palik Tlaih Na Ralchanh Ahcun, Thong Kum Aa Chap
Sualpuhmi minung nih palik, asiloah, zaran minung i an tlaihnak a ralchanh hna, an takpum ah a kheuh hna ahcun, Crime Act s 31(1) a buar caah a tam bik kum 5 thong tlak khawh a si. Palik tlaihnak a ralchanh ahcun, a fak bik ning in kum 5 bak thong tlak khawh a si. Palik kheuh/ (velh) cu, phungbia nih fak khun in a chiah.
Phung Lo Ning Tlaihnak Ralchannak Nawl Na Ngei
Nguyen v Elliott taza cuainak ah na covo a lang. Victoria Police pahnih nih awmang lo tuk in Nguyen takpum ah ritsii an chek. A duh lo, a ralchanh hna. Kan in tlaih, an ti i, zaangtal in an tlaih. Nguyen nih palik pahnih cu a chuih hna, palik pakhat lebang cu, a seh le taza an cuai. Victorian Supreme Court nih hitihin bia a khiah: – An tlaihmi kha phung lo ning in a si caah, (Nguyen nih) kha nak fak deuh hmanh khan tuahhmuahnak nawl a ngeih hna tiin. Cucu phungbia ah aa cang, High Court of Australia zong nih a fehtermi a si.
PALIK NIH AN IN TLAIH TIK AH, NA COVO PAWL
USA ah cun, Miranda covo an ti. Miranda v Arizona (1966) taza cuainak ah a langmi covo a si. US Supreme Court pi nih a hun dirpimi a mikip covo a si. US Phunghrampi ah a cuang lenmi covo a si. US nih the Bills of Rights aa ngeih caah US Phunghrampi ah fek ngai khin Miranda covo hi aa benh thai ko lai. Cuti men cun, US Federal/ State Parliament nih an hlawh khawh lo dingmi covo a si ti awk a ṭha. Australia ah cun, the Bills of Rights a um lo. Cucaah, Australian/ State/ Territory Parliament nih cu bantuk covo cu, mersan khawhnak lam um dawh a si. Asinain Victoria Ramkulh nih cun Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006 (Vic) aa ngeih ve caah, Victorian Parliament nih phung an ser tik ah, hi Charter hi a zulh hrimhrim lai. Asinain Charter (Vic) zong cu, Parliament nih remh khawh a si ve ṭhiam ko.
Australia Ah USA Miranda Covo He Aa Khatmi Covo
Australian Parliament sermi Crime Act 1914 (Cth) le Victorian Parliament sermi Crime Act 1958 (Vic) ah cu covo cu a um. Lungfiannak caah, ‘na’ biafang ka hman ko lai. Palik nih an in tlaihhren tik ah, sual an in puhmi kong biahal a hau. Palik/ detective nih bia an in hal hlan ah, hi na covo pawl hi an in chimh hrimhrim a hau. A tlangpi in na covo pawl cu:
- An biahal let lo in daite in umnak nawl na ngei: Vic s 464A(3); Cth s 23S(a). Na lawyer nih ruahnak an pek hlan ah palik biahal leh duahmah lo ding kha a biapi. Na bia paoh kha biaceihnak inn ah tehte (evidence) ah hman khawh dih a si.
- Na chungkhar, asiloah, na hawi pakhat sin ah palik tlaih na tonnak kong fawn chawnhnak covo na ngei; na lawyer chawnhnak covo na ngei fawn; palik nih chawnhbiaknak hi an in tuaktanpiak lai, an ṭuanvo a si, zalongte in chawnhnak hmunrem an in serpiak lai, na covo a si: Vic s 464C; Cth s 23G.
- Mirangholh na thiam lo ahcun, holhlettu an in kawlpiak lai, na covo le palik ṭuanvo a si: Vic s 464D; Cth s 23N. Mirangholh theifiang huaha lo in, ‘Yes’ le ‘No’ in leh len kha na caah a ṭha lo. Fiang ririaite in na nuhrin holh bakte in an holh na theih ding kha a dingmi thil a si.
- Victoria State ah palik nih hngakchia (kum 18 tang) biahal nawl an ngei lo, a nu, asiloah, a pa, asiloah, holei ṭang lo upa pakhat le hngakchia dirpiaktu lawyer tel lo in biahal khawh a si lo: Vic s 464E(1)(a)).
- Palik nih bia an in halnak le na bia lehnak (i phuannak) kha video, asiloah, awkhumhnak an tuah lo ahcun, biaceihtu hmai ah, tehte a si kho lo: Vic s 464; Cth 23U.
- Palik biahaltu nih cer le hro a phung a si lo, hlenthawi phun in thlemthluknak an in tuah kho lo, phung ning lo in, na biachimmi kha a thli in, aw lak le video lak kha a phung a si lo; biaceih inn ah tehte a si kho lo: McDermott v The Queen; Foster v The Queen.
Hi covo vialte nih aa tinhmi cu, a dingmi phung biakhiahnak le minung si man hmaizahnak
LAIMI LE VICTORIA LEGAL AID (VLA)
Victoria Legal Aid cu, phungbia lei in a kan bawmtu an si. Victorian Parliament sermi phungbia Legal Aid Act 1978 (Vic) cherhchan in sermi a si. Victorian cozah le Australian Federal cozah nih rianṭuannak chawva cu, an pek sawk hna. Asinain acozah nih VLA hi a uk lo; mahte in nawlngeihnak a ngeimi tu a si deuh; Legal Aid Act 1978 nih khin nawlngeihnak a pek. Cucaah, Laimi nih VLA hi ṭihnak in kan zoh ahcun, kan palh. Bawmtu mit in kan zoh ahcun, kan khuahmuhning a dik.
Victoria Legal Aid nih lawyer aa hlan kho lomi lawng an bawmh hna. Lawyer hlan man nikhat ah $2,000 in $5,000 kar a si. Court hman man vialte khi a dangte in man pek a hau rih. Victoria khuasa Laimi tam deuh hrang ah cu zatzat chawva cu, kan chuah kho lem lai lo. A sullam cu, lawyer kan herh tik ah, VLA hman kan herh. VLA nih zarhtin kan hlawhmi chawva le thilri kan ngeihmi tuak in, bawmh awk kan si maw, si lo bia a khiah lai.
Mi pakhat nih Victoria Misual Phungbia a buar, asiloah, amah cu, sual puh a si. Asinain dirpiaktu lawyer aa hlan kho lo. Lawyer aa hlan hrimhrim lai timi phungbia a um lo i, court ah mahte in i runven khawh a si; mahte in i chim khawh a si. Asinain, zapi caah tazacuainak umkalning le phungbia cu hngalh a har tukmi a si. Cucaah, lawyer aa hlan khawh lo ahcun, a dingmi phungbia khiahnak hmuh a har tawn ko: Dietrich v The Queen (1992). A thiam ngaingaimi cozah Lawyer (Prosecutor) he phungbia vun i al ding cu, zaanran aho ca hmanh ah, dirhmun chia a si. Hlan chan “hruhrang chan” lebang ah cun, ‘nihchuak capo’ saihnak phun ah rak hman an si. Cucaah, Legal Aid a dirnak hi a si.
Victoria Legal Aid cu, criminal lawyer aa hlan kho lomi minung caah lawyer a ṭuanpiaktu an si. Victoria Cozah tang ah a ummi an si lo. Rammi pekmi ngunkhuai in, VLA cu rian a ṭuan. Cozah lawyer (Department of Public Prosecution “DPP”) nih sual puhmi minung taza a cuai. Sualpuhmi minung caah VLA nih defence lawyer a ṭuanpiak. Phungding in phung biakhiahnak a um khawh naklai defence lawyer a herh hrimhrim. DPP le VLA nih Legal Profession Uniform Conduct (Barristers) Rules 2015 phungbia tang ah ziaza dinfel lei le phunglei ṭuanvo nganpi an ngei. Laimi nih VLA kan hman hna ahcun, Phungbia 2015 le Victorian le Australian Privacy Act phungbia tang ah kan privacy le confidential information vialte a himbawm ti kan philh lo a herh. Lawyer nih phungbia buar a ngah lo. Cucu ziaza lei le phunglei an ṭuanvo a si.
VLA a umnak a ruang cu, Victorian Court nih dingthlu (justice) a ṭuan khawh nakdingah a si. Misual nih a sual tuahmi he i rupte in a sualman a in ding kha dingthlu a si, a sualman leng in a in ahcun, dingthlu a si lo. Defence lawyer nih a chimpiak lo ahcun, sualman biakhiah kha a hleihluat a si kho. DPP khi a ṭhawng tukmi a si caah, thlipi nih thingkung a hranh bang, DPP nih biaceihtu ruahnak a hranh sual ko lai.
VICTORIA LEGAL AID HMAN A ṬHATNAK LE ṬHALONAK
VLA nih sualtuah aa phuangmi minung ca lawng ah defence lawyer a ṭuanpiak khawh hna. Tuah bak lomi sualpuhnak a um kho. UK Royal Commission on Criminal Justice report 1993 ah sualpuhmi minung 11% nih an tuah bak lomi sual an i phuang, ti aa ṭial. Laimi dirhmun ah, mahte in private defence lawyer hlan aa harh ding kan tam. VLA hman kan duh hna ahcun, kan sualtuah kan i phuan a herh hmasa. Kan tuahmi sual i phuan cu, a ṭhatnak a tampi. Tanglei ah ka ṭial lai. Laimi kan dirhmun ah zeimaw caan ah cun, kan tuah bak lomi sual kan puh hna sehlaw, VLA bawmh duh ah kan tuah lomi sual aa phuang mi kan um sual hnga maw ti khi a si. Zeicatiah, kan ral a chia i, cozah nawlngeitu an nawl kha a dik loning in kan ngaih sual men ko hna lai. Cu bantuk zawn ah cun, VLA hman hi dingthlu len nakding a si lo. Cucu a ṭhatlonak a si. Rammi tangka in rian a ṭuanmi VLA nih sual aa phuang lomi minung caah dirpiaknak nawl a ngei lo. Dietrich v The Queen (1992) tazacuainak thawng in, Victorian Supreme Court le County Court lawng nih sual aa phuang lomi le VLA bawmhnak a dong kho lomi minung caah VLA hi dirpiaknak nawl a pek khawh.
Taza i cuai cu, tangka a dih tuk. VLA a hmang khomi caah tangka dih le heu a tlawmte. Cucu VLA hman a ṭhatnak a si. DPP khi phungbia tang ah court le faktuar (victim) le sualpuhmi (accused) caah biatak ṭuan ding kha an ṭuanvo nganpi a si. Asinain cu bantuk ṭuanvo cu, lamdang pialtak zong ah DPP nih i silnalhnak lam aa ngeih ko hna. A sullam cu, sualpuhmi minung caah DPP nih dingthlu a khen lo caan a tampi tawn ko. Cucaah, VLA nih DPP cu, a dir-onh tikah, sualpuhmi minung caah dingthlu a leng kho lai. Cucu, VLA hman a ṭhatnak a si. VLA hman hi sualpuhmi minung caah ‘free’ a si ti awk a ṭha lo. Zeicatiah, sualpuhmi minung nih hmailei a chan chung ah thlahlawh (income) ṭha a ngeih tik ah, a cham te dingmi leiba a si. A thih tiang ah thlahlawh ṭha a ngeih khawh thai lo ahcun, cuticun a va dih ko lai.
Tuah ngengemi sual i phuan hi a ṭhatnak a tampi. VLA nih dirpi khawh a si, tahfung tlinh ahcun. A ṭhat biknak pakhat cu, tahchunnak ah thong kum 5 tla ding kha kum 1-2 hrawng ah biaceihtu nih a ṭhumhpiak hna. Sentencing Act 1991 (Vic) 6AAA ti bantuk nih thongkum ṭhumh ding khi nawl a pek hna. Sual i phuan cu, palik le DPP rian bawmh ah ruahpiak a si, a sualtuah aa chir tiah ruahpiak a si caah, thongkum khi tampi ṭhumhpiak khawh a sinak a si. Laimi caah cun, kan ram i uknak ṭhalo kan tuarnak tuanbia tehna, ralzam dirhmun chia kan cannak tuanbia tehna, kan nunphung tehna, Australia ah hawi kan phak khawh hna lo caah dirhmun chia a phunphun i kan umnak tehna, zudin in kan thinlung lawmhter kawl in, phung tu kan va buar sual ning tehna, community le Khrihfabu i kan i pekning tehna, pumpak chungkhar dirhmun harsa kan ngeihmi tehna hi, thongkum zat a ṭhum khotu biaceihtu thinlung ah ruahtlak le nemtertu (mitigating factors) an si kho men. Cucaah, Lawyer (VLA) kha thupnawk lote in kan kong kan chimh hna ahcun, a kan bawmh khawh deuh ko lai.
(Legal Advice a si lo.)
