Kan ram thimnak an rak tuah hmasa lioah thla (11) a rak rau. June, 1951 in April, 1952 tiang bak a rak si. Asinain, Anti-Fascist People’s Freedom League (AFPFL) nih vote vialte i 60% tluk; tthutnak (250) lakah (147) an tei tikah mipi an lung a rak tling ngaite. AFPFL a larkhunnak cu socialist pawl an lar lio chan a si hlei ah, an bu chungah lothlopawl, Muslim telh chih in biaknak kip; cun Kachin, Karen, Chin le tlangcungmi i fonhnak congress thawngthawng an i tel.
Cun, Burma ramkomh Nubu Congress le chawlet mirum nih an dirhkamh fawn hna. 1956 a voihnihnak thimnak zongah AFPFL thiamthiam nih an tei. Asinain AFPFL ah tlangcungmi tamtuk an i tel tilo. National United Front (NUF) lei a dirmi le anmah miphun bu cio tu ah an um deuh cang. 1960 February thla an tuahmi a voithumnak thimnak zongah AFPFL (Tantshin) nih an tei thiamthiam, nain kumhnih lawng an rau.
Azeisi paoh ah kum (10) chung talcu kan ram ah ningcang tein thimnak a um i, zauk phung a rak leng bal; Asinain atu ah cun tuanbia ah an cang cang. 1960 kum hnu lei AFPFL hruaitu U Nu thil tuahmi cheukhat nih kan ram hi tutiang buai lakin a tuah ve. Tahchunnak ah 1962 kum ah Buddhism hi rampi biaknak ah a ser tikah rammi karlak ah buai hram aa thawk colh.
Kan ram nawlngeitu hna nih ram buainak a um tikah biaknak hi a thlithup in an hman tawnmi asi lengmang. Cun, 1947 Constitution chung i article (199) le (200) i kumhra hnu ah mah tein lairel nawlngeihnak nawl kha remh ding a duh; cuzong cu a tlangpi in Shan le Kachin le a dangdang nih an lung a tling. Asinain, tlangcung mi pawl kan ram in an chuak lai tiah ruahnak ningcang lo a ngeimi Ne Win uknak aa lak ziar ve. Mipi Uknakphung in mi pakhat lawng Uknak tangah kan ram a tla.[1]
Kum 30 hnu, 1990 kum ah a voilinak thimnak cu tuah tthan. Asinain a phichuak hi hman a rak si lo. National League for Democracy (NLD) nih thutnak (492) lakah (392) an rak tei. NLD ahhin a hlan U Nu le Ne Win nih an rak hman ngaimi U Chan Tun tepawl, Ralbawi Tin Oo te pawl an i tel.
Ralkap hrannak a thawn tuk ca ah nunnak thisen le caan tamtuk a rak liam. Kan ram dohthlennak hi dothnih in then sisehlaw: Colony pawl kandohnak le kanmah rammi le rammi lila uknak chia ruangah i dohnak tiah a si hnga. Atu tiang kan dohthlennak a dong rih lo.
Kum 2003 August thla ah ralkap nawl latu nih “7 Roadmap” an thanh i, dotthumnak le dotlinak ning in 2008 Constitutions an ser, dotnganak ningin thimnak cu 2010 ah tuah a si i, dotruknak le dotsarihnak ning in tuni tiang kan ram aa vel peng ko. Mi cheukhat tuahchommi nawlphung tangah kan um, mipi nawlngeihnak taktak a um than kho rih lo.
Rammi le Nawl Ngeihnak
Kan ram hi – hlan siangpahrang pawl chan, colony chan, 1951-1962 kar uknak a rak that chan, ralkap uknak chan le atu kan chan tiin chan (5) in mifim nih an tthen.[2] Chankhatnak le chanhnihnak ah mipi nawl ngeihnak a um lo. Chanthumnak lio cu mipi nawlngeihnak a rak um bal nain chanlinak ah a tlau dih than.
Chanlinak hi chan chia bik a si. Kan chan (chan 5nk) a that le chiat hi chimh len awk a tam liangluang ko. 1947 Burma Independence Declaration hrimhrim ah kan ram hi a ho pumpak le bu bukhat talawng asilo tihi a um.[3] 1947 Constitution, article IIInk zongah nawlngeihnak hi mipi ta a si ti arak si. 2008 Constitution article 109,141, le 161 ningin Pyaythaungsuh Hlutdaw ah aiawhtu (664) lakah mipi thimmi (498) le (166) cu Ralkap Lutlai nih thimmi an si.
Phundang in chimh ahcun nawlngeihnak ¼ cu ralkap kut chungah a um rih. Article (436) ah (75% ) hnatlaknak loin phunghrampi remh khawh a silo. Kan ram minung zat he tuak tikah minung singkhat hrawng nih aiawhtu (1) kan ngei i, ralkap (3000) hrawng nih aiawhtu (1) an ngei.
Hi ralkap vialte hi an lutlai nawlpeknak ningin rian an tuan. Mipi thazang le minung pakhat nawlngeihnak, zei khidah kan ram ah a thawngdeuh? Nawlngeihnak hi mipi nih pekmi maw asimaw, mipi hi dah nawlngeihnak tangah kan um rih ko tihi ruah awk ngaingai asi. Singkhat thazaang le 3000 thazaang, 3000 thazaang le pakhat thazaang – zeiko hidah a thawngcem rih? Kan ram ah Zauk phung a leng taktak cang maw? Mipi thazang nih hmual a ngei kho cang maw?
Mipi Thazang
Zauk phung ning ahcun Mipi thazang le mipi nawlngeihnak hi a biapi bik asi. 2010 hnu lei ah ramkhel party tampi an um cang. Mipi nih duh thimnak kan ngei cang. Cu belte cu nawlngeitu nih dirhmi le mipi chungin a chuakmi party tiah party a phunphun in an um fawn. Cu tikah (75%) a tangmi chung hmanh ah mipi duhnak a dirhkamhtu aiawhtu thianghlim ngeih awk a fawi lo.
Mipi duhthimnak nih kan ram sining lai a rel kho taktak cang maw? A taktak ti ahcun phunghrampi le nawlngeihnak hna hi minung pakhat lawng hoih in ser ding asilo i, minung pakhat lawng hoih in remh awk zong asi kho colh tawn lo. Phunghram le phunglam hna hi mipi kan thatnak caah asi awk hrimhrim asi. Cu ca ah mipi ca ah a dikthlu lomi phunghram le phunglam hi remh khawh awk hrimhrim asi.
Mipi nawlngeihnak le thazaang hi a thawngbik a si a hau. Mipi nih thimmi, asiloah, mipi nih zumh le tlaihchanh buin rian fialmi minung nih a kan hruai a hau. Midik mifel cu mipi nih ruang tein kan dirhkamh paoh ahcun kanmah caah a dikmi thlennak le thanchonak a si hrimhrim lai. Hmaikhah loin pekmi hmunhma a tlaitu hna an tamtuk ahcun ramrian zei pipa tuan theng lo in an caan a dih te ko lai.
Cun, a caan zulh in a thawng deuh lei paoh a tanhmi hna nih hmunhma an hmuh peng rih ahcun kan ram hi a herhning taktak in aa thleng kho rih lailo. Ram pakhat a thawnnak ding caah mipi hi a muru asi. Ram thawng deuhmi hna hi an thazaang (power) hi ngeihmi thil (resources), thil tikhawhnak (capability), le ramdang he i pehtlaihnak i huham ngeihnak(Influence in international relations) tiah he zohchin tahchunh asitawn.[4]
Lairam ah recourses zeidah kan ngei? Vawlei chungchuak thilmansung (natural recources) hi kan ngei ve ko lai nain, uknak phung a ningcang hlan ah cun hiti a um rihkomi zong hi a tha ko. Uknak phung hna a that te tikah kan thilmansung hna hi kanmah ram le miphun thanchonak ding caah hman awka that e ko lai.
Minung thazang( human resources) tuhi a biapi deuhmi asi. Kan Lairam le Laimi lamtha a kan hruai kho dingmi fimthiamnak le hmuhnak kau a ngei i mipi le ram caah ai pe kho dingmi minung tuhi kan herh bikmi an si deuh. Mipi nih kan duhmi kan i thim khawh i mipi nih kan herhbaumi caah rian a tuan kho dingmikan i thim khawh ahcun kanmah kong kanmah te’n lairel khawh tluk asi.
Mah Te’n Laireel Khawhnak Nawl
Kanmah sinak kanmah tein lairel nawlngeihnak hi a biapi tukmi a si. Kanmah kong kanmah nih lairelnak (self-rule) hi rampi in i tthennak a silo. Uknak i hrawmnak (shared rule) tu asi deuh. Cu belte, mah kongkau mahtein lairelnak nawl (Self Determination) maw kan herh deuh, Mahle mah i uknak (Autonomy) dah tihi ruahphu a si fawn.
Panglong Hnatlaknak le 1961, June thla lio Taunggyi tonpumhnak in a chuakmi Federal Bill hna hi atu tiang kan hmang kho rihlo. Kapkhat lei ah Panglong Hnathlaknak rak um hlah sehlaw tuni i Ramkomh Kawlram (Union of Burma) hi a um hngalo. Panglong Hnatlaknak hi kan rak zumh caah tlangcungrammi tampi nih Ramkomh Kawlram ah kan rak um hi asi.
Mah te’n laireelnak nawl hi tihnung thil ah reel in rampi acozah nih laireelnaknawl an tlaihtuk sual ahcun kan ram uknak hi Unitary phung asi lengmang khawh bantuk in, kanmah tein laireelnak a hlei tuk sual ahcun federation kha va lonh riangmang in acozah thadertuknak (confederation) le i thenthek dihnak (vulcanization) tiang hmanh kan phan kho.
Cu belte, rammi nuhrin covo hrampi (Bill of Rights) aa hnget paoh ahcun mahtein lairelnak nawlngeih hi a dik ngaingai mi a si. Kum 60 renglo arau cangmi kan ram i dohthlennak zonghi kanmah hmun le hma, kong le lam cu kanmah tein lairel kan duh ca ah a siko.
2015 Thimnak Ah
A fawibik in kan chimh ahcun A hi kan duhlo hringhran caah B hi kan i thim tawn. Cu B nih kan lung asilo sual ahcun A sin va panh cu kan i fahsak hnga i kan lung a kan tong kho dingmi C hi kawl ahau tawn. Ralkap nawl chiahru kan rak duhlo tuk cang caah, NLD hi mipi nih kum 2015 vote rak pek cio asi.
Ralkap chung lila in hmunhma tha arak ngei balmi le ralkap uknak arak I hlawkpi tukmi hna hmanh nih NLD ah an lut i vote an i cuh ve. “An tei lai” ti hi a fiang cia tuk cuta. An tei tikah Ralkap nih an hnahnawh le hnawh lo lawnglawng kha thinphan awk arak ummi asi. 2015 kum thimnak cu NLD nih an tei i atu tiang acozah dirhmun ah an um. Nawlngeihnak 75% lawng an kut ah a um nain tuanvo cu 100% an ngei. A laklawh ngai ve.
Zuamcawhtu dirhmun (opposition) ah cun an thiam ngaingai nain, uktu an van si taktak tikah an thadernak a langmi a tampi ve. A rawkmi inn hi remh a fawi deuh hnga nain, a rawkmi system le cu system he aa ziak tukmi minung hi cu remh awk a fawi tilo. A zei asi paoh ah ah kan i thim cang caah an chiat zong an that zongah kanmah kan i thimmi tham cu zeizei ti awk a tha dih fawn tilo.
Vote peknak nawl kan ngei ko nain vote kan peklo ahcun a kaimi acozah nih an tuahmi paoh kha intuar ve a hau ko i, kan vote in nawlngeitu tha kan i thim thiam velo ahcun kan thimmi acozah nih an tuahmi paoh kha intuar a hau ve ko.
2020 Thimnak ah
A thawngcia mi tanh hi a nuam tuk. A thadermi va tanh le thazang pek, thawnter hi mi sawhsawh nih an tuah khawhmi cu a si tawn ve lo. Kan i ruah awk a ummi cu midang hreitlung a hriammi rumro i hlan in maw thing kan ceh lengmang lai, kanmah hreitung hidah hriam lak in kan tat hmasat lai tihi asi bik ko.
Nawlpek simi le nawlngeih hi aa lo bal lo. Kanmah ram le hmun, kong le lam hi kanmah te’n lairel kan duh ahcun mipi nih kan thazaang hi hman a herh ko. Duh thim khawhnak nawl kan ngei. Cu a si caah 2020 thimnak tikah kanmah konglam cu kanmah nih kan theih ca ah kan ram le miphun caah rian pipa a tuan taktak dingmi MINUNG hi tanh aherh ko.
Party minthang le party ngan asile silo hi a biapi hmasa mi asi lemlo. Kan ram le miphun thanchonak caah riantuan kho ding an sile silo hi ngiat hmasa a herh. Zei ca ah tiah Laimi asi ko nain nawlpekmi lawng a zul khomi an um khawh ve hi kan theih cio cang. 2010 thimnak nih thiltha zeipipa a chuah pi lem lailo tihi kan rak theih nain boycott tuah loin Chin ramkhel party pathum an rak i zuam ve khah! Zei caah tiah cun boycott kan tuah ahcun USDP kut chungah Lairampi pek bantuk ah a can sual lai ca ah a si.
Amyota Hluttdaw, Pyituh Hlutdaw le Pyine Hlutdaw ah thutnak (39) ah thutnak (21) Chin parties nih an co bak ko. Zatuak (46%) tluk Chin parties nih an lak tinak a si.
Kan ram a hrawktu nih an hrawh nak a rauh tuk cang ca ah a rawh a fak khun. Kum 3-4 chung men ah thlen than awk a fawi lailo ti kan rak theih tuk ko nain, mithmuh kuttongh in thil hi kan hmuh colh duh tawn caah kan dirhmun a fek cuca kho tawnlo.
A minung hrimhrim vun i thlen colh awk a fawi fawnlo. Mipi nih ramkhel kong le nuhrin covo kong, duhthimnak le mipi thazang kan ngeihzia hna hi cawn hram kan thok cio tthan kaa lawng asi rih. Hi bantuk caan ah ramkhel riantuantu hna le nuhrin covo kong i a cawlcangmi bu hna nih fakpin tanlak i rian an tuan a herh.
Mipi nih anmah duhthimnak an tuah tikah a dikmi duhthimnak asi lawnglawng ah kan ram hi lam dik cungah kan phan lai. Cu lamdik kan zulh tikah lamtha kan hruai kho ding kanmah minung hi thim awk asi bik ko. Kawlram pumpi ca ah kan duhmi hi mi thinlung a la kho ngaimi a va si hmanh ah, kanmah kan Lairam pi ca ah cun dirhmun le ruahnak ziaza tha ngeimi midik, nu raltha pa raltha hna tanh hi thil dik a si hnga. 2020 thimnak kong taktak cu a caan a naih tikah ruahdamhnak chuah cio awk si te ko seh.
[1] Houtman, H. (1999). Myanmarfication: Imprison of Myanmar. In Mental Culture in Burmese Crisis Politics: Aung San Suu Kyi and the National League for Democracy. Tokyo: Institute for Study of Languages andCulture of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University.
[2] Ko Ni, U. (Performer) (2014). အနာဂါတ္ပဥၥမျမန္မာႏိ ုင္ငံေတာ္. [Video podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_XcdpRV0kg
[3] မန္မာႏိ ုင္ငံ၏ပထမဆု ံးလြတ္ လပ္ေရး ေၾကျငာစာတမ္ း. Retrieved from http://maytharhla.blogspot.com/2012/01/blog-post_03.html
[4] Carlsnaes, W., Risse, T., & Simmons, B. A. (2012). Handbook of International Relations. (2 ed.) London:SAGE.
