By. Pa Hmun
Australia ram cu England ram tang ah mahte aa ukmi ram (colony) pa 6 (six self-governing colonies) hna nih 1st January 1901 ah dirhmi Federal ramkomh a si. Central Government or Federal government cu Commonwealth Government tiah auh a si. Mah tein aa ukmi colony pawl nih ram pakhat in kan dirṭi lai tiah ceihmainak an rak ngeih lioah a tu Australia ramkulh (state) pa 6 a simi: New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, Tasmania hna lawng si loin New Zealand le Fiji hna zong an rak i tel. A hnu ah New Zealand le Fiji ram cu an rak tel ve ti lo. Ramkomh ser ding an rak duhnak a ruang cu, ram pakhat in kan um ahcun ram chung hmunkip ah sipuazi (investment) kan tuah kho lai, ram khat le ram khat kar ah a um mi tax (Import duty or tariff) a um ti lai lo, a ngan deuh, a ṭhawng deuhmi ram ah kan cang lai. Cu lawng si loin, Australia miphun tiin miphun pakhat in kan dirṭi lai (Australia National Identity kan ngei lai) timi ruahchannak an rak ngei.
Mahte aa ukmi (a zalongmi) ramkulh (states or colonies) hna an si caah, an zapi huapmi central acozah (BAHU or Central Government/Commonwealth Government) ser ding an rak ceih lioah thil har ngai a rak simi cu States hna nih anmah an ngeihmi nawlngeihnak zeimawzat kha central acozah ah pek ding/ṭhenphawt ding a hung si. Cucu a cheu state hna nih fawi tein an rak pek duh lo. 1890 in an rak thok i 1900 ah lungtlingnak an rak ngei hnuah Constitution an rak ṭial i Commonwealth of Australia Constitution ACT 1900 cu British Parliament nih 17 September 1900 ah an rak fehter i 1st January 1901 in Australia ram tiin a rak dirh. Mah tein aa ukmi colony pawl (Self-governing colonies pawl) nih ramkomh an rak serṭi mi hi “coming together” a si, states hna kha Constitution Act a ngei ciami le nawlngeihnak a ngei ciami an si. States/colonies hna nih Central cozah ah pek ding an hnatlak ning tein ramkomh (Commonwealth) caah Constitution a thar in ṭial a si. Mah tein aa ukmi states kha a um hmasa mi a si. Ramkomh sernak caah Constitution an ṭial hnuah ramkomh (United states of America, Australia, Union of Myanmar,) tiin ram pakhat in a rak chuahmi a si. Cucaah nawlngeihnak kha Central Cozah nih states hna pek/cheuh vemi si lo in states hna tu nih Central Cozah kha nawlngeihnak an cheuh vemi a si.
1901 Australia Commonwealth ser hnu in states acozah le Central acozah kar ah nawlngeihnak ceihhmai in voi tam nawn Constitution zoh ṭhan a si, a herhmi power zong states hna nih Central cozah sinah an pekchapmi a um lengluang.
Australia ram cu Parliament Democracy System in ukmi ram a si. Westminster Parliamentary system (United Kingdom nih hmanmi Parliamentary System) a si. Constitutional Monarchy System a si i, England Siangpharang nu aiawhtu Governor General cu Australia Prime Minister nih thimmi pa/nu kha England Siangpharang nih rian khinh a si. Canada, New Zealand, Jamaican, Dominican hna zong Commonwealth ram (England Siangphahrang cu ram i a lubik a si. Head of the country) hna an si. Parliament Chamber pahnih a um i, House of Representative (Kawl ram ah PYITUH HLUTTAW) le Senate or Upper House (LUMYO SUH HLUTTAW) tiin pahnih a um. House of Representative hi MP (Member of Parliament) tiah auh a si. MP number cu state population (milu) in tuak a si caah milu a tam deuh state in MP tam deuh an ngei ve. Australia ram i House of Representative (MP) cu milu 150 an si. Senate cu state pakhat in 12 cio, state pa 6 in 72 le Northern Territory le ACT (Australia Capital Territory) in pahnih veve an zapi in 76 an si.
Acozah ser nakding cu House of Representative (PYITUH HLUTTAW) ah a tam u (majority) a teimi party nih acozah a ser (76 MP a hmu mi party nih acozah a serkho tinak a si). MP pawl cu kum 3 voikhat thimnak tuah a si nain, Senator pawl cu kum 6 ah voikhat tuah a si. Senator pawl a cheu kha MP pawl an thim lio ah thim ve an si. Upadi ser ding cu Parliament Chamber pahnih (Lower House and Upper House) nih lungtlingmi lawnglawng upadi ah cohlan a si. Hi nih hin state a ngan deuhmi nih a hme deuhmi duh paoh in tuahto kho lo ding in a tlaihkhih or balance a tuah. Political Party a ngan bikmi party pahnih (Liberal National Party le Labour Party) an um. Party hme tete zong an um ve ko.
Australia ram uknak ah Central, States le Local Government tiin level pa 3 a um. Local government (City councils & local governments) hi a fawi nakin Kawl ram he tahchunh ahcun Myone le khuate lei uknak a si. Thimnak cu PR (Proportional Representation) system in thim a si.
Federal /Commonwealth /Central Acozah Nawlngeihnak: Central cozah cu ram pumpi he aa pehtlaimi, Defence (Ram humhimnak), Ramleng pehtlainak (Foreign Affairs), Phaisa (Currency), Ngunkhuai laknak (Tax and Import duty), Milu rel nak (National consensus), rammi sinak (citizenship), Acozah nih pekmi pension le a dangdang zohkhennak (Payments to Australians, including pensions and Medicare), copyright tbk …
A dangdang nawlngeihnak cu State nawlngeihnak he aa cawhthulh in a um. Tahchunnak ah: Education: Universities cu Federal acozah nih a tlaih i, a dang sianginn vialte (primary schools, secondary colleges (High school), Vocational education) hna le saya vialte cu State le Territory cozah nih a tlaih. Pawnkam zohkhennak: Federal cozah nih International he pehtlaimi World heritage tbk ah ṭuanvo a ngei. State le Territory cozah nih kokek pawnkam zohkhennak, development tuahnak nawl/onhnak nawl, thurhnawm hlonhnak (protection of natural environment, approvals for new developments, waste disposals, etc.) Ngandamnak (Health): Federal cozah nih siibawi le sii saya/ma (pharmaceuticals) a khanh (lakhah a pek). State cozah nih siizung a sak. Ramdang he chawlehnak (Overseas Trade):
State cozah nawlngeihnak:
State ah nawlngeihnak a simi Uknak nawl, Phunhram sernak nawl le Biaceihnak nawl an ngei. Australia ummi state pa 6 hna i election cu Rampi election kum le caan he aa khat lo. Australia ram huapmi ramkhel party pawl nih State cio ah election an i cuh ve. Rampi cozah a sertu party nih a teimi state zong a um, opposition party nih a teinak state zong a um ve. State cozah nih state budget a ngei, development le project a tam-u cu state cozah nih a tuah ko nain project nganmi tampi cu Federal cozah nih a tuahmi le funding (budget pekmi) a tuahmi zong a um ve. Australia ram i state hna cu miphun based in sermi si loin hmunhma (Geographical based) in sermi state hna an si. Rampi huap in miphun pakhat (Mirang) lawng an um caah state pawl nih ngeihmi nawlngeihnak (self-determination) kha full in an hmu. Federal system a dik takmi ram a si. Atu lio Covid kong in Rampi cozah nih state cozah hna cung ah nawlngeihnak duh zat in an ngei kho lo. State pakhat nih a dang state sin in a rami lut chuah kho lo ding in an kham (block) mi cung ah Federal cozah nih zeihmanh nawl a ngei kho lo.
State kip (Queensland state cu 1922 kum ah Upper chamber or Senate um lo ding in constitution an remh, abolished Upper chamber) ah Parliament pahnih (Lower House and Upper House) tiin an um ve. State kip ah Constitution a dang tein an ngei ve. State Parliament nih a herh ning in a remh khawh. State cozah pawl nih ramdang cozah/ company hna he chawlehnak (Trade) le investment tuah khawhnak nawl an ngei. State kip nih ramdang hna he hnatlaknak (agreement) tampi an tuah. Victoria state cozah nih Tuluk ram uktu Xi Jinping i signature policy a simi ‘Belt & Road Initiative’ (BRI) zong Tuluk cozah he hnatlaknak an ngei. Hi kong hi Australia Federal cozah nih a lung a tling deuh lo i a tu hi an buai pah. State cozah nih ramdang mi he tuahmi hnatlak pawl cu Rampi acozah nih ram pi himnak (National Security) caah tih anung tiah a cuanh ahcun hrawkkhawhnak nawl a ngei. Australia cozah nih cun 2017 kum ah Tuluk nih offer a tuahmi ‘BRI’ project cu ram humhimnak caah a him lo tiin an rak duh lomi a si. Ram pahnih pehtlaihnak le a dangdang hnatlaknak (Treaty) cu Ramkomh cozah lawng nih a ser kho. ‘BRI’ hi ram 138 nih an tuah ve i, Africa ram a cheu le Asia ram a cheu hna cu Tuluk leiba cham khawh ti lo ruangah an ram i Airport le Sea port a cheu hna zong Tuluk ram ah kum 90 hlanh te hna, pek te hna an ton pah cang. Ram pakhat sinak dirhmun hmanh an thlau pah cang. Hi kong hi tampi tial ding a um.
Ngunkhuai le ram phaisa semnak (Revenue sharing):-
Australia ram i ramkomh le states nih ngeihmi le hmuhmi ngunkhuai phaisa ṭhenning hi vawleicung ah a ṭha bik an timi a si. State pakhat le pakhat hmunhma le thil chuahmi (lei tang he lei cung he) aa khat lo ruangah ngunkhuai tam deuh a chuahpimi le tlawm deuh a chuahpimi state tiin an um ko nain, ram chung ah cozah nih pekmi zohkhennak (government services) vialte cu tlukruang tein si ding kha a biapi ah an chiah. Cu ruangah ‘Horizontal Fiscal Equalization (HFE)’ timi systerm an hman. A tawinak in chim ahcun “Australia ram chung vialte acozah nih pekmi zohkhennak (lam le sul, sianginn, ngandamnak, bawmhnak, pensen, tbk) vialte aa khat dih lai. State vialte zong nih ngunkhuai laakning ah aa khatmi lakning (system) in a lak ve lai” ti a si. Hi system ruangah Australia ram chung vialte tlukruang tein acozah nih a zohkhenh. A rum deuhmi state (lei tang thil chuak a tam deuhmi state) hna le zeihmanh a chuak ve lomi state hna zong lam le sul, sianginn, siizung ṭhaṭha an ngei dih. Mipi zohkhenh ning le covo vialte aa khat dih. Nung khuasak ning aa tlukruang dih. Central cozah nih Australia ram chung ummi company vialte hna le leitangchuah (Mineral Resource) hna cungin ngunkhuai a lak hna. State hna zong nih anmah state chung um leitangchuah hna sinah ngunkhuai an lak ve. An lakning cu aa lo cio lo.
Australia ram ah a rum bikmi (mineral tam bik a chuahnak) state hi Western Australia a si i kum 1 chung ah Ramkomh cozah sinah dollar 1 an thawhmi chung in an mah cu 0.36 cents hrawng lawng budget an ngah (kum khat le kum khat ai lo lo).
A sifak bik state a si mi Tasmania (zei hmanh a chuahmi um lo) state cu an mah nih dollar 1 an thawh ahkhin ramkomh sin in an hmuhmi cu $ 1.65 cents hrawng a si (kum 1 le kum khat ai lo lo). Tasmania cu lei tang a chuakmi zeihmanh a um lo hlei ah mi tlawmte an si nain Australia rammi an si ve caah an nungning, khuasak tintukning level (living standard) cu Australia state dang hna he aa khat bak ko. 2019 December ah kan family in holiday kan va kal i, Hobart khua i Mona Museum ah kan va len lio ah Tasmania hruaitu hna nih Australia he komh in Commonwealth ram serṭi ding kong an rak buaipi lio kong hmanthlak le tuanbia an ṭial. Ka lung ah a rak chuahmi cu hi lioah an hruaitu hna hi an rak fim tuk, khua an ruat kho tuk. Australia ram ah tel ding bia an rak chahmi cu an mipi caah thil ṭha tuk a hung si. Ram rummi ah an i tel. Australia cozah le rampi nih a zohkhen, a kilven ko cang hna. An mah tein khuakhan lairelnal zong an ngei (self-determination) thiamthiam rih.
Note:
Tlangcung kan pa le nih Federal ram serchuah khawhding an rak zuam i 1961 ah Taungkyi Federal Conference pi hlumhlai taktak in an rak tuah (330 an rak kai kho). Cu Conference pi ah U Tun Myint (Taungkyi) nih Australia Federal system timi paper pakhat a rak chuahpi. Kawl ram caah model in zohchun ding tiin paper tha taktak a chuahpi. U Tun Myint (Taungkyi) hi Panglong agreement ah minthu vetu asi.
Kawlram zong hi mah tein aa ukmi (Phunhram a dang tein a ngeimi) state pali (Burma proper, Federated Shan State, Chin Hills le Kachin Hills) hna nih lungtlinnak in rak dirhmi a si. Cu lioah Union of Burma timi a um rih rih lo, Phunhrampi zong a rak um rih lo. 1947 February 12 Panglong agreement min an thut hnu lawnglawng in 1947 Constitution cu an ṭial i cu Constitution cu TAINGPYUH PYIPYUT HLUTTAW nih 24 September 1947 ah a fehter. Cu Phunhrampi cu UK Parliament nih an fehter i 2 January 1948 ah nunter a rak si. Chim duhmi cu Panglong agreement minthut hnu lawng ah Kawlram Phunhrampi cu ṭial a si i cu phunhrampi ningin Union of Myanmar timi a rak chuahnak a si.
